Type of manuscript

• Studies on the agent responsible for the activity has not been properly identified in the study.
• Manuscripts with plagiarirm more than 25% - our prefered software for plagiarism check is www.turnitin.com.
• Manuscripts already accepted/published, largely similar to already accepted/published or being considered for publication elsewhere.
• Manuscript outside the our journal scope or previously rejected by this journal but modified for resubmission or simultaneously being considered by another or other journals .

Manuscript Format

The language of the journal is English. Each manuscript should be typed single-spaced on A4 (8.5" x 11") paper size with 1 inch margins. It should be arranged in the following order:

Title Page

The title page should:

• present a title that includes, if appropriate, the study design e.g.:"Ake versus Bode in the treatment of Coco: a randomized controlled trial", "A is a risk factor for B: a case control study", "What is the impact of factor JK on subject IL: A systematic review"
• or for non-clinical or non-research studies, a description of what the article reports
• list the full names (first name, middle names and surname) and indicate the institutional addresses below the names with roman numerals used to identify each authors address.  Such numbers should be in superscript placed at the end of each surname and before each institutional address for each author.
• indicate the corresponding author with asteric (*). Any of two authors may be used for correspondence. Example:  JO Email: jokan@abc.com or AK Li  Email: akli@cdk.org.

Abstract

The Abstract should not exceed 300 words. Please minimize the use of abbreviations and do not cite references in the abstract. Reports of randomized controlled trials should follow the CONSORT extension for abstracts. The abstract must include the following separate sections:
Introduction: the context (1-2 sentences) and purpose of the study
Methods: how the study was performed, the outcomes measured and statistical tests used
Results: what was found (no discussion)
Conclusion: what is concluded, potential implications and possible policy statement
Trial registration: If your article reports the results of a health care intervention on human participants, it must be registered in an appropriate registry and the registration number and date of registration should be in stated in this section. If it was not registered prospectively (before enrollment of the first participant), you should include the words \'retrospectively registered\'. See our editorial policies for more information on trial registration

Keywords: Three to ten keywords representing the main content of the article.

Background

The background section should explain the background to the study, a summary of the existing evidence, highlights of the gap in existing evidence, and why this study was necessary or its contribution to the field. The purpose should be provided in the last paragraph.

Methods

The methods section should include:

• the design and setting of the study
• the characteristics of participants (including animals) or description of materials and other instruments/tools such as questionnaire
• a clear description of all processes, interventions and comparisons.
• for drugs: generic names should generally be used; when proprietary brands are used in research, the brand names should be included in parentheses
• the outcomes measured
• the type of statistical analysis used, including a power calculation if appropriate

The methods should be properly described. Health research reporting guidelines available at https://www.equator-network.org should be consulted using the checklists for Randomised trials (CONSORT), Observational studies (STROBE), Systematic reviews (PRISMA), Study protocols (SPIRIT, PRISMA-P), Diagnostic/prognostic studies (STARD, TRIPOD), Case reports (CARE), Clinical practice guidelines (AGREE, RIGHT), Qualitative research (SRQR, COREQ), Animal pre-clinical studies (ARRIVE), Quality improvement studies (SQUIRE) and Economic evaluations (CHEERS) as appropriate.

Intervention studies involving humans must be registered in appropriate clinical trial database as detailed in WHO Clinical Trials registries information or ClinicalTrial.gov and the reporting should follow the standards of reporting (see CONSORT). Authors are advised to consort our CHECKLIST for galley proof submission which they must comply with before the article, if accepted, can be published.

Results

This should include the findings of the study including, if appropriate, results of statistical analysis which must be included either in the text or as tables and figures. The results should not be discussed here.

Discussion

In the first paragraph, the key findings should be summarized. In subsequent paragraphs, those key findings should be discussed in context of existing literature evidence. This section should also discuss the implications (clinical, humanistic and or economic) of the findings and highlight limitations of the study.

Conclusions

This should state clearly the main conclusions and provide an explanation of the importance and relevance of the study reported.

List of abbreviations

If abbreviations are used in the text, they should be defined in the text at first use, and a list of the abbreviations should be provided.

DECLARATIONS

1. Acknowledgement: Authors should acknowledge all those who made contribution to the work who cannot necessarily be included in the list of authors. In this section, the funding body may not be acknowledged
2. Funding/sponsorship: Information about the source of funds for this work should be provided. This should include specific grant numbers, initials of authors who received each award, full names of commercial companies or others that funded the study or authors, initials of authors who received salary or other funding from commercial companies or others, and sponsors’ website URLs. If no funding is received, the authors should indicate "This research received no specific grant from any funding agency".
3. Conflict of Interest: Authors must declare any conflict of interest. If there are none, the authors should indicate “No conflict of interest associated with this work”.
4. Contribution of Authors: The authors must declare that they did the work by beginning this section with the following statement, “I(We) declare that this work was done by the author(s) named in this article and all liabilities pertaining to claims relating to the content of this article will be borne by the authors”. In addition, a declaration of the role of each author mentioned in the manuscript should be provided. The author who conceived and designed the study, the person(s) who collected and analysed the data, the person(s) who wrote the manuscript as well as an indication that all authors read and approved the manuscript for publication must be specified. Note: It is assumed by the Publishers of this journal that authors submitted the manuscript on the ground that he/she/they did the work and did not fraudulently obtain the data being presented. 
5. Ethical approval: Information about the ethical approval for all studies involving humans and animals should be provided. 
   • Manuscripts reporting studies involving human participants, human data or human tissue must include:
     • a statement on ethics approval and consent (even where the need for approval was waived)
     • the name of the ethics committee that approved the study and the committee’s reference number if appropriate

   • Studies involving animals must include a statement on ethics approval and for experimental studies involving client-owned animals, authors must also include a statement on informed consent from the client or owner. See our editorial policies for more information.

     If your manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue, please state “Not applicable” in this section.

6. Availability of data and materials: All manuscripts must include an ‘Availability of data and materials’ statement. Data availability statements should include information on where data supporting the results reported in the article can be found including, where applicable, hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets analysed or generated during the study. By data we mean the minimal dataset that would be necessary to interpret, replicate and build upon the findings reported in the article. We recognise it is not always possible to share research data publicly, for instance when individual privacy could be compromised, and in such instances data availability should still be stated in the manuscript along with any conditions for access.

   Data availability statements can take one of the following forms (or a combination of more than one if required for multiple datasets):

• The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [NAME] repository, [PERSISTENT WEB LINK TO DATASETS]

• The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

• All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

• The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due [REASON WHY DATA ARE NOT PUBLIC] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

• Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

• The data that support the findings of this study are available from [third party name] but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of [third party name].

• Not applicable. If your manuscript does not contain any data, please state 'Not applicable' in this section.

• More examples of template data availability statements, which include examples of openly available and restricted access datasets, are available at here.

7. Use of Artificial Intelligence/large language models: Authors should indicate whether artificial intelligence (AI)-based system has been used for any portion of the work. If AI has been used, the system used should be provided. In addition, the portions of the work which included AI input should be declared indicating each and for what specifically AI was used, including use of AI for research; editorial work (writing, editing, translation), referencing, design (making tables, figures, graphs and photos); and search, classifying, analyzing, or doing bibliographic studies.
8. Use of research reporting tool: Authors should declare the research reporting tool used (e.g., CONSORT from EQUATOR) during the study and/or drafting of the manuscript

Consent for publication: If your manuscript contains any individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos), consent for publication must be obtained from that person, or in the case of children, their parent or legal guardian. All presentations of case reports must have consent for publication.

You can use your institutional consent form or the one available at consent form as a sample if you prefer. You should not send the form to us on submission, but we may request to see a copy at any stage (including after publication).

See our editorial policies for more information on consent for publication.

If your manuscript does not contain data from any individual person, please state “Not applicable” in this section.

References

References should be typed single-spaced and numbered consecutively in the order in which they are cited in the text.  Arabic numerals (ENCLOSED IN SQUARED BRACKETS, eg., [1], [1,3,5] or [1-4]) should be used in citing references in the text. The squared brackets MUST NOT be used anywhere else in the text to allow easy xml file coding. Index Medicus Style of abbreviations should be used for journals cited. For correct abbreviations visit http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/jbrowser.html.

Unpublished work should not be included in the list of references.

• References should be listed along with their DOIs; where doi is not available, the URLs  for the artcle should be provided. Examples of references cited are as follows:u

  Journal Article

  If there are more than 10 authors, only the first 10 should be listed and the others should be represented with "et al."

Murri R, Fantoni M, Borgo CD, Visona R, Barracco A, Zambelli A, Testa L, Orchi N, Tozzi V, Bosco O, Wu AW. Determinants of health-related quality of life in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Care 2003;15:581-590. doi: https://doi.org/10.23456/t814342

Hanley C. Metaphysics and innateness: a psychoanalytic perspective. Int J Psychoanal 1988;69(Pt 3):89-99. doi: https://doi.org/10.23456/t814332

Danoek K. Skiing in and through the history of medicine. Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1982:86-100  doi: https://doi.org/10.23456/t814345

Baumeister AA. Origins and control of stereotyped movements. Monogr Am Assoc Ment Defic 1978;(3):353-384. doi: https://doi.org/10.23456/t8143889

Edwards L, Meyskens F, Levine N. Effect of oral isotretinoin on dysplastic nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989 20(2 Pt 1):257-260. doi: https://doi.org/10.23456/t8143428989

Matthews DE, Farewell VT. Using and Understanding Medical Statistics, ed 3, revised. Basel, Karger, 1996. 

Ohlsen, Merle M.; Horne, Arthur M.; Lowe, Charles F. Group counseling. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston; 1988. p. 416.

Diener, Hans-Christoph; Wilkinson, Marcia, editors. Drug-induced headache. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988 p. 173.

Anderson, Robert J.; Schrier, Robert W. Acute renal failure. In: Braunswald, Eugene; Isselbacher, Kurt J.; Petersdorf, Robert G., et al., editors. Harrison\'s principles of internal medicine. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1987. pp. 1149-1155.

Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [homepage on the Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995-2001 [cited 2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.medtext. com/hdcn.htm [cited 12 Jun 2020]

Pennington J. HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, 2007. Available from: http://www.avert.org/aids-nigeria.htm [cited 12 Jun 2020]

Medlineplus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available from: http://medlineplus.gov [updated 2000 Apr 7; cited 18 Apr 2000].

Bertram, Kenneth. The role of natural killer activity in resistance to herpesvirus-induced disease. [Rochester]: University of Minnesota; 1981 Dec. p.138 [dissertation]

Tables

Each Table should be inserted at an appropriate position in the text closed to where it was first cited and numbered with arabic numerals using single space to separate the Table and the number (eg, Table 1, Table 2, etc). Where there is more than one Table, each Table should be cited independently (do not refer to more than one Table) in text. The maximum number of Tables allowed in a manuscript is nine (9).

Each table should be typed using a table format (ie, each variable must be typed into a separate cell in the table) with only horizontal lines above and below the table column headers and at the bottom of the table (using 1 pt for the top and bottom lines and 0.5 point for any middle line). No vertical lines should be included in any table. Each table MUST not exceed 6.5 x 7 inches (16.5 x 17.8 cm, width x height) and MUST be inserted at the appropriate position in the text just below where it was referred to the first time. The title should be typed at the top of the table in the sentence case format, i.e., only the first name should be in capital letters; names should also be in capital letters, as appropriate. Any footnote should be typed at the top and bottom of the table in italic.

Figures:

All Figures, Schemes and Illustrations should be be clear and sharp, and labelled as Figures and numbered with arabic numerals using signle space to separate the Figure and the number (eg, Figure 1, Figure 2, etc) and refered to independently (do not refer to more than one figure at the same time) in text. The maximum number of Figures allowed in a paper is nine (9).

Each figure should be professionally drawn electronically and inserted in the appropriate position where it was first cited within the text. Symbols, lettering, and numbering MUST NOT be in bold print and should be clear and large enough to remain legible (be at least 9 points in size) after the figure has been reduced to 1/2 of the original size. The legend and any footnote for each figure should be typed below the figure.

Photographs/Figures may be produced in any color. If photographs of patients are used, either the subjects are not identifiable or their pictures must be accompanied by a written permission to use the images.

Authors should target their Figures to width of 85 mm for half page column. Where this is not possible, width of 170 mm for full page should be considered. Image resolution should not be less than approximately 300 dpi (dots per inch) at the final size.

Labels of Figures MUST be in text form and MUST not form part of the image.

Manuscript/Publication charges

There is no charge for submitting a manuscript. But once a manuscript is accepted for publication, the author(s) will be required to pay a publication charge of US$100.00 before the accepted paper is published. Authors may opt for fast-track (accelerated) review and publication which attracts a special publication charge of US$200.00 if the manuscript is accepted for publication. Manuscripts that fall under fast-track option would be published, if accepted for publication, within 1 - 2 months from the time they are sent for review while those on normal track may take much longer period.

Copyright

This is an Open Access jiurnal that uses a funding model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) .This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, for noncommercial purposes only..

Submission of a manuscript to this journal is an indication that the manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors named in each published article owe the copyright to the published work and should be contacted as appropriate.   

All authors in each manuscript submitted would be required to sign a copyright form so that they may retain their copyright in the article but to assign to us (the Publishers) and its licensees in perpetuity, in all forms, formats and media (whether known or created in the future) to (i) publish, reproduce, distribute, display and store the contribution, (ii) translate the contribution into other languages, create adaptations, reprints, include within collections and create summaries, extracts and/or abstracts of the contribution, (iii) create any other derivative works(s) based on the contribution, (iv) to exploit all subsidiary rights in the contribution, (v) the inclusion of electronic links from the contribution to third party material where-ever it may be located, and (vi) license any thrid party to do any or all of the above.

Galley Proofs

Unless indicated otherwise, galley proofs are sent to the address given for correspondence. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to ensure that the galley proofs are returned without delay.

MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION CHECK-LIST

In addition to complying with the manuscript submission checklist provided by World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), kindly carefully go through and adhere to the following checklist as non-compliance will result in the manuscript being returned to the corresponding author for reformatting or rejection:

• Manuscript is typed on A4 (MS Word)? Note that PDF is not acceptable;
• The manuscript is within the limit of 4,000 words (approximately 18 pages) for research papers or 6,000 words (approximately 24 pages) for review papers;
• The abstract (except for review manuscripts) is subdivided into the prescribed subsections of Purpose, Methods, Results and Conclusion, and also within the 250-word limit;
• The Results and Discussion are separated into two sections of Results and Discussion;
• There is a Conclusion section;
• The Reference numbering style within text is co-script with square parenthesis (squared brackets) with the numbers inserted before and not after punctuations;
• The References list adhere strictly to this journal format, including the correct punctuations and with space after semi-colon, colon and comma;
• The total number of Figures and Tables is within the limit of 9 allowed;
• There a legend/caption at the bottom of each Figure and at the top of each Table;
• When each figure/image in the manuscript is reduced to occupy no more than three-quarters of half of an A4 column in a page, the font size of labels will not be smaller than 9 points;
• Any symbol used in the text, Table or Figure is integrated neatly using the Symbol tool under Insert menu of MS Word. Do not place horizontal strokes across symbols.
• Borders are removed from around any Figure;
• Figures and Tables are inserted at appropriate points in the manuscript nearest to where references were made to them;
• Figures and Tables are referred to independently, ie, you have not referred to more than one Table (eg Tables 1-3) in text;
• You have provided Declarations including information on (1) Acknowledgement, (2) Funding/sponsorship, (3) Conflict of Interest, (4) Contribution of Authors, (5) Ethical approval,  (6) Availability of data and materials, (7) Use of Artificial Intelligence, and (8) Use of research reporting tool; and
• Read and adhered strictly to our policy statements.